Buckman Bridge: Key Facts, Traffic Conditions, and Why It Matters for Jacksonville Drivers.

Buckman Bridge

Every day, over 100,000 cars cross the Buckman Bridge. Sometimes, it’s even more, filling EverBank Stadium several times. When it closes, like on April 3, 2025, the city feels it. Backups spread quickly across I-295 and beyond.

The Buckman Bridge is a 3.1-mile span over the St. Johns River. It connects Orange Park to Mandarin, making Jacksonville’s beltway complete. Opened in 1970, it’s a key link for workers, students, and hospital staff.

Any closure of the Buckman Bridge is big news. A shutdown in September 2024 caused major delays. News4JAX and First Coast News provided quick updates. Florida Highway Patrol worked with FDOT to keep everyone safe.

Studies show the Buckman Bridge is safer than nearby interchanges. But, speeding, impairment, and careless driving are big risks. This explains why the bridge can be smooth one day and rough the next.

This guide covers what you need to know about the Buckman Bridge. It includes real-time conditions, detours, and important facts. Whether you’re looking for buckman bridge jacksonville fl or buckman bridge history, you’ll find what you need here.

Overview of the Buckman Bridge’s role in Jacksonville’s traffic network

The Buckman Bridge is a key east–west crossing on the I-295 beltway. It shapes daily travel across the Southside. When we talk about buckman bridge traffic, we’re not just talking about delays. We’re talking about the flow of life between homes, jobs, and schools on both sides of the St. Johns River.

Its reach stretches well beyond one span. The bridge connects residential streets to major roads and interstate ramps. This reduces pressure on other routes and keeps goods, school buses, and emergency services moving. For more information, check out this brief guide on the buckman bridge jacksonville florida link and its importance in daily travel.

Location on I-295 connecting Orange Park and Mandarin

The bridge spans the St. Johns River, linking Orange Park in Clay County with Mandarin in Duval County. It serves as a key connection between neighborhoods and job centers. It also directs traffic to NAS Jacksonville and St. Johns County without downtown detours.

Length, capacity, and daily use across the St. Johns River

The bridge is about 3.1 miles long, built to handle heavy loads. On a typical weekday, over 100,000 vehicles cross. This makes it a high-capacity route for commuters, delivery vans, and trucks.

Scale matters. The bridge saves time for drivers between Orange Park, Fleming Island, and the Southside. It connects homes to shopping, clinics, and schools. By reducing river crossings, it keeps travel times consistent for most of the day.

Why closures ripple across Jacksonville’s commute

Even short closures on the bridge overload I-95, I-295, and surface roads like Roosevelt Boulevard. This causes delays on alternate routes. When the bridge is closed, the network’s capacity drops, leading to long queues.

The Buckman Bridge is a critical point in the traffic network. Disruptions here affect nearby interchanges. This shows why flexible routing around the bridge is essential for everyone on the road.

Latest closures and police activity impacting commuters

Morning drives have been affected by sudden police actions and changing detours. Drivers checking jacksonville bridge closures today got updates to plan their routes. Regular checks of buckman bridge news helped them adjust quickly.

April 3, 2025: full closure and rapid reopening during morning rush

Just after 7:00 a.m., JSO ordered a full shutdown in both directions. The jacksonville buckman bridge closure caused traffic jams during peak travel. About an hour later, lanes reopened, easing backups but leaving lasting delays.

During the rush, alerts steered drivers to Roosevelt Boulevard and San Jose Boulevard for local trips. Those watching buckman bridge news saw quick notes on timing, which helped them rejoin their routines sooner.

September 2024: multi-day southbound shutdown and congestion effects

Police activity triggered a southbound closure that stretched over several days. Congestion piled up on alternate corridors, and jacksonville bridge closures today became a steady theme for commuters. The prolonged buckman bridge closure pushed more traffic onto I-95 and across the I-295 beltway.

Neighborhood routes felt the spillover, with longer waits at intersections. Consistent buckman bridge news updates kept drivers rotating routes to spread the load.

How emergency alerts and local news channels communicated updates

JSO posted on X and issued emergency alerts with closure times, detour cues, and reopening notices. News4JAX and First Coast News delivered live traffic shots, travel estimates, and clear guidance as jacksonville bridge closures today evolved minute by minute.

Social media captured frustration over gridlock and gratitude for fast police work, after the April 2025 incident. Seeing buckman bridge news in real time let commuters adapt before reaching the ramps.

Event Scope Primary Detours Communication Channels Commuter Impact
April 3, 2025 Full closure, both directions, ~1 hour I-95 North/South, I-295 loop, Roosevelt Blvd, San Jose Blvd JSO alerts and X posts; News4JAX; First Coast News Peak-hour gridlock; quick recovery after reopening
September 2024 Multi-day southbound shutdown I-95 North/South, I-295 loop, local surface roads JSO emergency alerts; X updates; local TV traffic reports Extended congestion; persistent delays on alternates

Tip: Save preset routes in navigation apps to pivot fast during any jacksonville buckman bridge closure or similar buckman bridge closure events.

Real-time detours and alternate route strategy when the bridge is closed

When the buckman bridge closes, quick decisions are key. Drivers should look at live maps and check local alerts. They should choose a route that balances distance and time to avoid traffic buildup.

During jacksonville bridge closures today, a steady plan helps. Knowing options near buckman bridge jacksonville florida lets commuters switch routes quickly. This helps avoid traffic jams.

I-95 North/South as a primary bypass

I-95 is the top choice for a detour when the buckman bridge closes. It handles more traffic and has clearer signs. This makes it easier to avoid traffic on parallel roads.

I-295 loop options and added travel time tradeoffs

The I-295 beltway can help get around a buckman bridge closure. But, it might add a few minutes to your trip. The choice between the east or west leg depends on where you’re going and where the closure is.

Surface roads like Roosevelt Boulevard and San Jose Boulevard for local trips

For short trips, US 17/Roosevelt Boulevard on the west and SR 13/San Jose Boulevard on the east are good. These roads get busy fast, so watch for traffic signals and turn pockets. They’re best for local trips, not for long drives during heavy traffic.

Using Google Maps, Waze, and local outlets (News4JAX, First Coast News)

Google Maps and Waze show live traffic and closures near buckman bridge jacksonville florida. News4JAX and First Coast News give detours and updates on TV. Following JSO alerts on X and enabling phone notifications helps stay updated during closures.

Community response: frustrations, gratitude, and on-the-ground tips

When the April 3, 2025 rush-hour closure happened, drivers in Jacksonville had mixed feelings. Some got frustrated with long commutes and missed appointments. But others were thankful to Jacksonville Fire and Rescue Department and Florida Highway Patrol for their quick work.

People across the buckman bridge news threads had one main request: faster alerts and clearer detours. They wanted push notifications before they hit the road, not after. They also asked for updates that are easy to understand and match what they see on I-295 and nearby roads.

Locals shared practical tips to help during traffic jams. They suggested simple habits to reduce stress and keep everyone safe.

  • Map ahead: Save two detours in Google Maps or Waze, then check live speeds before leaving.
  • Pack smart: Keep water, a phone charger, a flashlight, and a basic first-aid kit in the car.
  • Cut the glare: Avoid rubbernecking; it triggers secondary crashes and longer backups.
  • Fuel and time: Top off the tank midweek and leave 10–15 minutes early when storms roll in.
  • Signal discipline: Use blinkers early and keep a steady gap so merging stays smooth.

Residents also called for quicker response to incidents and better lane control. They wanted message signs to show lane-by-lane conditions. Plus, they asked for better coordination between dispatch, FDOT cameras, and local newsrooms when news breaks during rush hour.

For parents, nurses, and service techs, reliability is key. When traffic gets stuck, they value clear guidance, fast clearance, and updates that match what they see on the road.

Community Priority What People Say Helps Real-World Impact
Faster Alerts Push notifications before key ramps and clearer wording in updates Earlier detours, fewer last-second lane changes
Incident Speed Rapid lane clearance and tow staging near chokepoints Shorter queues and better travel-time certainty
Driver Habits No rubbernecking, steady gaps, and predictable merges Lower crash risk and smoother flow
Reliable Detours Pre-saved routes on I-95, I-295, and surface roads Balanced traffic loads and fewer bottlenecks
Clear Messaging Lane-by-lane signs and concise buckman bridge news updates Aligned expectations and safer decisions

Traffic safety insights from studies and official reviews

Recent reviews give us a clear view of what’s important for drivers. They look at buckman bridge news and safety. The findings show how speed and space choices affect risk.

Crash rates on the bridge vs. near the interchanges

A study by Atkins North America for FDOT looked at I-295. It found crash rates were lower on the bridge than near the interchanges. This shows that heavy merging and weaving near ramps are key issues.

Rear-end crashes, careless driving, and impairment as key factors

Nearly half of incidents were rear-end crashes. Careless driving, like sudden stops, was often cited. Impairment was also a factor in fatal cases.

Each accident highlighted the need for more space, steady speed, and sober driving. These are key for buckman bridge safety.

FDOT/FHP focus on speed enforcement and safe driving messages

The study found average speeds were around 72 mph, even though the limit was 65. FDOT and the Florida Highway Patrol have stepped up enforcement. They remind drivers to respect speed limits and keep lanes clear.

FDOT spokesperson Ron Tittle encourages public input and attention to speed limits. These efforts shape buckman bridge news and driving habits.

Key facts: length, design standards, and daily traffic volumes

A sweeping aerial view of the Buckman Bridge, a major highway overpass spanning the St. Johns River in Jacksonville, Florida. The bridge's distinctive arched design and double-deck structure stand out against a backdrop of the city's skyline and the winding river below. The foreground showcases the bridge's key technical specifications, including its impressive length of 6,372 feet, adherence to modern engineering standards, and daily traffic volume of over 100,000 vehicles. The scene is illuminated by warm, diffused sunlight, creating a sense of scale and grandeur befitting this vital transportation landmark.

The buckman bridge is a key east–west crossing over the St. Johns River. It affects how drivers navigate the I-295 beltway. Data shows it’s as busy as major metro areas, thanks to its size, safety, and constant use.

3.1-mile span and national/state-standard railing

The buckman bridge is Jacksonville’s longest river crossing, at 3.1 miles. Its railing meets high safety standards used statewide. Despite its length, studies show a taller rail wouldn’t reduce crashes.

Over 100,000–120,000 vehicles per day in recent study periods

Every day, the buckman bridge sees over 100,000 vehicles. During peak times, it’s even busier, with around 120,000. This traffic affects maintenance, construction, and how quickly they respond to incidents.

I-295 beltway linchpin linking economic hubs, schools, and hospitals

The buckman bridge is a key part of the I-295 loop. It connects jobs, schools, and hospitals on both sides of the river. This role is rooted in its history, aimed at linking Mandarin, Orange Park, and more.

Feature Key Detail Why It Matters
Length Approx. 3.1 miles over the St. Johns River Sets capacity needs and maintenance planning for long-span segments
Railing Standard Meets national and Florida crashworthy specifications Supports consistent safety performance across statewide corridors
Daily Volume 100,000–120,000 vehicles in study periods Drives design-life assumptions and work-zone timing for buckman bridge construction
Network Role I-295 linchpin linking jobs, schools, and hospitals Frames detour choices and service access during disruptions
Regional Context Core connector in buckman bridge jacksonville fl travel patterns Reflects demand shaped by growth and buckman bridge history

Note: Figures reflect publicly reported study periods and ongoing operational reviews of the buckman bridge.

Risk perspective: incidents, fatalities, and rare vehicle departures

Drivers crossing the St. Johns River want to know about risks. Reviews of the buckman bridge in Jacksonville, Florida, show a big difference between scary headlines and real numbers. We focus on facts that help understand safety on the bridge.

Two recorded departures in a five-year period studied

Engineers found two vehicles left the bridge from 2009 to 2014. A 2014 incident led to a closer look. Both cases started with sideswipes, causing spin-outs and a rollover over the barrier.

With about 120,000 vehicles daily, these incidents were rare. They show how unusual these events are compared to other crashes on the bridge.

This information helps drivers see the difference between rare and common crashes. It also shows how one accident can change how people see safety on the bridge.

“More likely to be struck by lightning” comparison for departures

Experts say the chance of a vehicle leaving the bridge is about 1 in 20 million a year. This is like being 20 times more likely to be hit by lightning than to be in a car that leaves the bridge. While scary for those involved, this comparison helps put departures into perspective for regular users.

It’s important to talk about risks clearly. Drivers on the bridge see that safety concerns are often about behavior and conditions, not just departures.

No design-related fatalities identified in the reviewed period

Six deaths were recorded in the studied time. Most were due to driver error and not the bridge’s design. This information helps focus on where to improve safety.

Knowing the causes helps people understand accidents on the bridge. It keeps the focus on proven ways to reduce risks when crossing the bridge.

Measure What the Data Show Practical Takeaway
Vehicle departures (2009–2014) Two documented cases, both following sideswipes leading to spin-outs and a rollover over the barrier Departure events are rare; lane discipline and space cushion help prevent the initiating sideswipe
Estimated annual probability About 1 in 20,000,000 for a vehicle to leave the bridge A buckman bridge accident of this type is extremely unlikely for an individual driver
Lightning comparison Roughly 20 times more likely to be struck by lightning than be in a departure event Perspective supports informed judgment about everyday buckman bridge safety
Fatalities in period Six total, linked mainly to driver error Targeted enforcement and careful driving address the main risks on buckman bridge jacksonville florida

Infrastructure and technology: what could improve reliability

On busy days at buckman bridge jacksonville, even small delays can cause big problems. People following buckman bridge news wonder about affordable solutions. The latest reports from FDOT and Atkins suggest tech upgrades to tackle delays on the buckman bridge.

Active traffic management with lane-by-lane variable messaging

Active traffic management uses signs above each lane to show speed targets and warnings. Drivers see clear messages before hitting traffic.

This method aims to reduce braking and crashes. It works with the current buckman bridge construction to make the most of existing lanes.

AI-driven incident detection, drone surveillance, and quicker clearance

AI video analytics quickly spot issues like stopped vehicles. Drones help responders verify scenes and guide controls, speeding up clearance.

Quick verification means faster messages on the buckman bridge. This helps ease traffic jams in buckman bridge jacksonville.

Long-term ideas: extra capacity, parallel bridge, and public transit

Local leaders explore adding more lanes and a parallel bridge. These ideas aim to keep traffic flowing during incidents and buckman bridge construction.

More bus service and park-and-ride spots could reduce peak traffic. This means fewer cars on the buckman bridge during busy times, helping everyone.

Driver readiness: practical steps to handle sudden slowdowns

When traffic on the Buckman Bridge slows down, drivers stay calm. They turn on their hazard lights if they need to stop. It’s also important to leave enough space in front of them.

Police instructions are always the first priority, like during the April 3, 2025 closure. Keeping a steady speed and braking smoothly helps keep traffic flowing. This also lowers the chance of accidents.

Drivers carry a simple kit in their car. It includes water, snacks, a phone charger, and a flashlight. These items help them stay calm and focused during long delays on the Buckman Bridge in Jacksonville, FL.

They also make sure their gas tank is at least a quarter full. This way, they can avoid making sudden stops to refuel.

They avoid rubbernecking by keeping their eyes on the road. They don’t make sudden lane changes and signal early. Following the 65 mph speed limit helps prevent accidents and tickets.

Drivers turn on emergency alerts and check for updates from JSO, News4JAX, and First Coast News. They use Google Maps or Waze to find the best detours in real time. If the situation changes, they adjust their route instead of forcing a bad merge.

Pro tip: set a hands-free routine. Mount your phone, use voice commands, and choose your route before you start driving. This habit is very helpful on the Buckman Bridge in Jacksonville, FL, when every second counts.

What residents search for today: closures, accidents, and construction news

A bustling urban landscape with the Buckman Bridge prominently featured. In the foreground, a series of digital displays show real-time updates on closures, accidents, and construction along the bridge. The displays are illuminated, casting a warm glow across the scene. In the middle ground, cars and trucks travel across the bridge, their headlights and taillights creating a sense of motion and activity. The background features a cloudy, overcast sky, with the sun peeking through, casting dramatic shadows and highlights across the cityscape. The overall mood is one of anticipation and information-seeking, as residents navigate the daily challenges of the Buckman Bridge.

When a lane slows or sirens flare, search interest jumps. People want fast, clear facts they can trust. They check multiple outlets, compare alerts, and plan the next move before merging.

jacksonville bridge closures today and buckman bridge closure updates

Residents often start with jacksonville bridge closures today to see if the morning drive is in danger. They scan for a confirmed buckman bridge closure and look for timestamps, lane counts, and expected duration.

They rely on push alerts from News4JAX and First Coast News, then cross-check with Florida Highway Patrol notes. Clear wording helps drivers decide whether to stay on I-295 or reroute early.

buckman bridge accident and buckman bridge news sources

Searches for a buckman bridge accident spike during police activity or heavy congestion. People look for verified details, including direction, mile markers, and whether injuries or debris are involved.

Trust builds when updates cite Florida Department of Transportation and Jacksonville Sheriffs Office briefings. Concise headlines and frequent refreshes reduce guesswork and keep traffic flowing.

buckman bridge construction, buckman bridge toll, and travel planning

Planned work prompts questions about buckman bridge construction timelines and night closures. Travelers also ask about a buckman bridge toll, and learn the span on I-295 is not tolled, which shapes budgeting for commuters.

Smart planning blends official notices with app-based routing. Drivers weigh detours, fuel costs, and meeting times before leaving the driveway.

Spelling variants and location queries: buchman bridge, buckman bridge jacksonville fl

Many searches include buckman bridge jacksonville fl to pinpoint location-specific updates. Variants like buchman bridge appear often, so consistent naming in alerts ensures every driver lands on the right information.

Including common spellings within coverage makes updates easier to find and reduces confusion during fast-moving incidents.

Popular Query What Drivers Want Useful Details Primary Sources Cited
jacksonville bridge closures today Immediate impact on commute Lane counts, direction, start time FDOT, Florida Highway Patrol, JSO
buckman bridge closure Duration and detour choices Estimated clearance, incident type News4JAX, First Coast News
buckman bridge accident Safety status and delays Mile marker, lanes blocked, injuries FDOT, FHP updates
buckman bridge toll Cost expectations No toll on I-295 span FDOT
buchman bridge Corrected results for the bridge Standardized name in alerts Local news, FDOT

Local context: why this bridge matters to daily life and the regional economy

Every weekday, the buckman bridge jacksonville florida keeps the metro area moving. It connects homes, jobs, schools, and clinics on both sides of the St. Johns River. When traffic flows, families save time and businesses save money across the I-295 beltway.

Commutes across Duval and Clay counties

Workers from Orange Park and Mandarin rely on the buckman bridge for dependable cross-river trips. It cuts miles off daily drives between Duval and Clay, linking offices, Navy facilities, and retail corridors. For many, buckman bridge jacksonville access means a shorter, predictable route to morning shifts and evening classes.

Impact on deliveries, small businesses, and emergency services

Closures push trucks onto I-95, the I-295 loop, and surface streets, adding fuel costs and delays. Local shops feel it first as inventory arrives late and service windows slip. Fire rescue and EMS must adjust staging when the buckman bridge slows, because minutes matter on time-sensitive calls.

Connections to neighborhoods, schools, and destinations like The Joint Pace FL

The bridge links neighborhoods to hospitals, high schools, and weekend activities across the river. Steady travel supports appointments at wellness spots such as the joint pace fl and keeps youth sports and campus life on schedule. In practice, buckman bridge jacksonville florida is the reliable thread that ties these daily plans together.

Conclusion

The buckman bridge is a key link for the west and south sides of Jacksonville. It carries over 100,000 vehicles daily across its 3.1-mile stretch. It’s a vital part of the I-295 beltway.

Recent police closures in September 2024 and April 3, 2025 highlighted its importance. A single incident can affect I-95, the I-295 loop, and major roads. Keeping up with buckman bridge news is essential due to fast disruptions.

Safety reviews show that most crashes happen near interchanges, not on the bridge itself. The main causes are reckless driving, being impaired, and speeding. FDOT and FHP urge drivers to slow down, leave enough space, and stay alert.

For now, commuters who follow JSO alerts and local news can avoid delays. In the future, better traffic management and quicker incident response will help. Whether it’s called the buckman bridge jacksonville fl or the I-295 river crossing, the goal is to make travel safer and smoother.

FAQ

Where is the Buckman Bridge and what does it connect on I-295?

The Buckman Bridge is on I-295 over the St. Johns River. It connects Orange Park in Clay County to Mandarin in Duval County. It’s a key part of Jacksonville’s beltway and the city’s longest bridge.

How long is the Buckman Bridge and how many vehicles use it daily?

The bridge is about 3.1 miles long. It carries over 100,000 vehicles every day. Studies show it handles around 120,000 vehicles daily.

Why do closures on the Buckman Bridge ripple across Jacksonville traffic?

It’s a major east-west crossing in the I-295 loop. When it closes, lots of traffic goes to I-95, other parts of I-295, and roads like US 17 and SR 13. Even short closures can cause big delays across the city.

What happened during the April 3, 2025 Buckman Bridge closure?

The Jacksonville Sheriff’s Office closed the bridge in both directions around 7:00 a.m. due to police activity. It reopened about an hour later. But, the morning rush was very congested.

What were the impacts of the September 2024 southbound shutdown?

Police activity caused multi-day southbound closures. This led to a lot of congestion. Detours made I-95 and other roads very busy, showing how quickly traffic gets bad when the bridge is closed.

How do authorities communicate updates during closures or police activity?

JSO shares updates on X (formerly Twitter) and emergency notifications. Local media like News4JAX and First Coast News give live reports and detours to help with traffic.

What are the best detours when the Buckman Bridge is closed?

I-95 North/South is the best way to go around. The rest of I-295 adds time. For local trips, use US 17 on the west and SR 13 on the east.

Which tools help with real-time routing during a closure?

Google Maps and Waze give updates on traffic and incidents. Use them with JSO alerts and local news for the latest information.

How did the community react to the recent closures?

People were frustrated with the delays but thanked first responders for their quick work. They asked for faster alerts and shared tips for avoiding traffic.

Are crash rates higher on the bridge compared to nearby interchanges?

No. FDOT and Atkins North America found the bridge has fewer crashes than nearby interchanges. But, it’s very busy.

What are the leading factors in Buckman Bridge crashes?

Rear-end collisions are common. Careless driving and being impaired are often the causes. Speeding is also a big factor.

How are FDOT and FHP addressing safety on the Buckman Bridge?

They focus on speeding and safe driving. FDOT is looking at traffic management, speed limits, and design to improve safety.

What design standards and railings does the bridge use?

The bridge meets national and Florida standards. Its railings are used all over the state, meeting safety criteria.

How many vehicles travel the Buckman Bridge each day?

More than 100,000 vehicles use it daily. Studies show it handles about 120,000 vehicles daily.

Why is the Buckman Bridge vital to Jacksonville’s economy and services?

It connects people to jobs, schools, and hospitals. It also supports deliveries and emergency services across the area.

How common are vehicles leaving the roadway on the bridge?

Only two vehicles left the road in a 2009-2014 study. These were due to sideswipes and loss of control, not design issues.

Is it really “more likely to be struck by lightning” than experience a vehicle departure?

Yes. The chance of a vehicle departure is much lower than lightning strikes, based on study data and National Weather Service comparisons.

Were any fatalities tied to design problems on the bridge?

No. Six fatalities were due to impairment and careless driving, not design issues.

What improvements could make the Buckman Bridge more reliable?

Active traffic management with variable message signs can help. It’s a cost-effective option in safety reviews.

How could technology speed incident response?

AI and drone surveillance can quickly verify incidents. This shortens clearance times and reduces secondary crashes.

Are long-term capacity projects being discussed?

Yes. Ideas include adding lanes, building a parallel bridge, and expanding transit. These would help with demand when the bridge is closed.

What can drivers do to handle sudden slowdowns on the Buckman Bridge?

Stay calm, follow police, and avoid rubbernecking. Keep an emergency kit and enable emergency alerts for detours.

Where can people check for jacksonville bridge closures today and Buckman Bridge closure updates?

Check JSO on X, use Google Maps or Waze, and follow News4JAX and First Coast News for updates.

How can I find reliable info about a buckman bridge accident or buckman bridge news?

Look for JSO alerts and coverage from News4JAX and First Coast News. They provide real-time reports and traffic maps.

Is there buckman bridge construction or a buckman bridge toll?

The bridge is part of I-295 and has no toll. Check FDOT advisories and local news for construction updates.

Why do I see spelling variants like “buchman bridge” and location tags?

People use different spellings to find updates. Consistent naming helps find accurate information quickly.

How do closures affect daily life and local businesses?

Detours add time to commutes and delay deliveries. Reliable travel supports workplaces, schools, and hospitals.

Where can I track jacksonville buckman bridge closure news right now?

Follow JSO on X for updates, check FDOT and FHP, and tune to News4JAX or First Coast News for traffic cameras and reports.

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